The highest risk of ON is observed in individuals focused on substantial weight loss, displaying perfectionism, dissatisfaction with body image, excessive exercise, and difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Understanding and effectively treating orthorexia requires interdisciplinary collaboration between mental health professionals and nutritionists These include the lack of standardized diagnostic tools for assessing orthorexia (ON) and inconsistency in defining the disorder. However, the strengths of the existing studies are their interdisciplinary nature, combining various aspects of mental and physical health, and showing the complexity of orthorexia. Studies suggest that people studying or working in fields related to dietetics, such as dietitians, nurses, and medical students, may be at greater risk of developing ON.
In a 1997 article in the magazine Yoga Journal, the American physician Steven Bratman coined the term "orthorexia nervosa" from the Greek ὀρθο- (ortho, "right" or "correct"), and ὄρεξις (orexis, "appetite"), literally meaning 'correct appetite', but in practice meaning 'correct diet'. With young adults and adolescents making up the majority of social media users, exposure to this type of content can lead to developing unhealthy behavior. A study that investigated this relationship found that increased use of Instagram correlated between symptoms of ON with no other social media platform having the same effect. The social media based healthy community has recently grown in popularity especially on platforms such as Instagram. These two aforementioned studies conclude that the more understanding of food one has is not necessarily a risk factor for ON, explaining that the data gathered suggests dietetics professionals are not at significant risk of it. The Tripartite Influence Model identifies parents, peers, and media as key influences on body image and disordered eating.
With the former, individuals experience one or more chronic somatic symptoms – whether or not medically unexplainable – about which they are excessively preoccupied or fearful, prompting frequent use of traditional and sometimes nontraditional health care services. Within the OCPD syndrome, which itself belongs to the cluster of personality disorders characterized by fear and behavioral inhibition,14 notable similarities to orthorexia include perfectionism, rigid thinking, excessive devotion, hypermorality, and a preoccupation with details and perceived rules. In anorexia, individuals are preoccupied with body image and fear of obesity, altering their eating patterns in order to lose weight. Such preoccupation with health from food may elicit eating patterns that are especially complex (eg, internalized rules governing which foods can be combined at one sitting or at certain times of day) and/or require unusually long periods of time to execute (eg, beliefs that maximal digestion of one food type occurs a certain amount of time after ingestion of another food type). Optimized assessment will not only permit a clearer understanding of prevalence rates, psychosocial risk factors, and comorbid psychopathology but will also be needed to index intervention effectiveness. Answer some general questions about how you feel about food, your current eating habits, how you feel after you eat, and other indicators of an eating disorder. Take this quiz to help you decide whether or not you need to seek professional advice or treatment for orthorexia nervosa.
Venn diagram showing unique and overlapping features of orthorexia nervosa, anorexia nervosa, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Many of the features described above echo symptoms of anorexia nervosa and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), conditions that are themselves highly comorbid and have functionally similar clinical presentations,9 prompting debate as to whether orthorexia is a unique disorder or a subset of anorexia or OCD (Figure 1). The opinions and views of our guest contributors are shared to provide a broad perspective of eating disorders. This is why educating coaches about eating disorders and disordered eating is so important. Sometimes the signs of disordered eating are hard to notice because they are often normalized as "healthy" eating.
Moreover, the reliance on self-report measures and subjective assessments introduces potential biases and challenges in accurately gauging the severity and impact of orthorexia and orthorexia nervosa on an individual’s well-being. Research suggests that individuals with these disorders often exhibit specific personality traits contributing to their susceptibility 22,23,41. Additionally, the influence of stress and life transitions may trigger the onset or escalation of these disorders, as the perceived need for control over one’s diet and health may intensify during times of uncertainty . Furthermore, underlying anxiety or a fear of adverse health consequences may drive individuals to adopt increasingly restrictive diets to protect their well-being, inadvertently exacerbating their obsessive behaviors . The desire for control and the need for orderliness may manifest in the strict adherence to self-imposed dietary rules and an excessive fixation on food purity and healthiness . Individuals at risk of these disorders often exhibit personality traits such as perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and high neuroticism .
Athletes may find themselves self-diagnosing food intolerances or lost in a sea of myths around what foods are best. So why would that determination not be present when finding the "perfect" food to fuel their workouts? The obsession with finding "clean" foods can turn into further and further restrictions very quickly. Just like any diet trend, when we focus on the elimination of food, it quickly becomes all-consuming, elevating anxiety and harming our relationship with food. Diet culture has filtered through many different trends of what we "should" and "should not" eat over the decades, but the most recent seems to be what is known as clean eating. People with health anxiety might, therefore, eat as cleanly as possible to avoid poor health outcomes.
More studies have also been conducted on the link between increased Instagram use and Orthorexia nervosa. However the results found that the students in the study, upon initial embarkation of their degree, did not have higher orthorexic values than other non-nutrition university students, and thus the report concluded that further research is needed to clarify the relationship between food-education and the onset of ON.citation needed This study also inferred that orthorexic tendencies may even fuel a desire to study the science, indicating that many within this field might suffer from the disorder before commencing the course. Orthorexic tendencies typically occur in individuals with lower self-esteem, stemming from social comparison.

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