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Drug Use and its Effects on the Human Body
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1. What Is Drug Use?
Definition: The consumption of substances that alter brain function or bodily processes.
Categories:
- Prescription medications (e.g., opioids, benzodiazepines)
- Over‑the‑counter drugs (e.g., acetaminophen, cough preparations)
- Illicit substances (e.g., cannabis, stimulants, hallucinogens)
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2. How Drugs Affect the Body
System Typical Effect Examples
Central Nervous System Alters neurotransmitter levels → changes in mood, perception, cognition Opioids → euphoria, sedation; Stimulants → alertness, increased heart rate
Cardiovascular Modifies heart rate & blood pressure Cocaine ↑BP, tachycardia; Alcohol ↓BP
Respiratory Influences breathing patterns Marijuana → bronchodilation; Opioids → respiratory depression
Gastrointestinal Affects motility & secretion Anticholinergics → dry mouth, constipation; Caffeine → increased peristalsis
Metabolic/Endocrine Alters glucose regulation & hormone release Insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas) ↑insulin → hypoglycemia
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4. Clinical Significance
4.1 Drug‑Drug Interactions in Diabetes Care
Insulin or sulfonylureas with CNS depressants: Risk of additive hypoglycaemia and respiratory depression.
Beta‑blockers with metformin: Can mask hypoglycaemic symptoms; careful monitoring needed.
Statins with fibrates (e.g., gemfibrozil): Increased myopathy risk; use pravastatin or reduce dose.
4.2 Monitoring and Management
Baseline assessment of kidney and liver function before starting new meds.
Regular blood glucose monitoring when initiating or adjusting CNS-active drugs.
Patient education on recognizing hypoglycaemia, especially if taking sedatives/analgesics.
Dose adjustments for renally cleared agents (e.g., opioids) in CKD patients.
5. Summary
Cardiovascular: Drugs such as β‑blockers and calcium channel blockers have well‑documented interactions with other cardiovascular agents, affecting heart rate, blood pressure, and arrhythmogenic potential.
Neurological: CNS‑active drugs (antidepressants, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines) interact via serotonergic pathways, GABA modulation, or metabolic inhibition/induction, necessitating careful monitoring for toxicity or reduced efficacy.
Metabolic: Insulin, oral hypoglycemics, and steroids are susceptible to interactions that alter glucose homeostasis; concurrent drugs can precipitate hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Renal: Renally cleared drugs may accumulate when combined with agents causing nephrotoxicity or altering renal perfusion, requiring dose adjustments.
The tables above provide a practical reference for clinicians managing complex medication regimens in patients with comorbid conditions. By anticipating pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions across these therapeutic classes, healthcare providers can mitigate adverse events, optimize treatment efficacy, and improve overall patient safety.
